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Papal conclave, 1903
The Papal conclave of 1903 was caused by the death of the 93 year old Pope Leo XIII, who at that stage was the third longest reigning pope in history. (Pope John Paul II (1978-2005) broke his record a century later.)
It saw the election of Giuseppe Melchiorre Cardinal Sarto as Pope Pius X.
Background
In 1903 the twenty-five year pontificate of the liberal diplomat, Pope Leo XIII came to an end. For fifty-six years the papacy had been led by just two men, Leo and his predecessor, Pius IX. While Pius had been a conservative reactionary, Leo had been seen as a liberal, certainly by the standards of his predecessor. As cardinals gathered, the key question was whether a pope would be chosen who would continue Leo's policies or return to the style of papacy of Pius IX.
Favoured candidate vetoed by Franz Joseph of Austria
When the cardinals assembled in the Sistine Chapel attention focused on Count Mariano Cardinal Rampolla del Tindaro, Leo's Cardinal Secretary of State. Rampolla was seen as the leading papabile (a cardinal thought likely to be elected pope). As expected Rampolla was close to being elected, but was then vetoed in the name of Austrian emperor Franz Joseph by Prince Jan Maurycy Paweł Cardinal Puzyna de Kosielsko, the Prince-Bishop (Archbishop) of Krakow in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Three leading Catholic heads of state (Kings of France and Spain and Holy Roman Emperors/Emperors of Austria) claimed vetos, though they were rarely exercised; no candidate against whom the veto was claimed had ever been elected Pope, though in 1846 an attempted veto failed when the cardinal whom the Austrian emperor had entrusted to issue the veto arrived too late to find the conclave over and the man he was meant to veto publicly announced as pope. See Veto in papal conclaves .
Patriarch of Venice elected
 Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph, who vetoed the cardinals' first choice for pope The blocking of Rampolla threw the conclave wide open. The eventual victor, Giuseppe Melchiorre Cardinal Sarto of Venice, was a lower-class populist conservative, closer in attitude to the papacy of Pius IX than Leo XIII. In the last ballot, he received 55 of the 60 possible votes. The new pope took the name Pope Pius X.
Veto abolished
Pius on his election took two decisions. He abolished the veto of heads of state and declined to reappoint Rampolla as Secretary of State. Like his predecessors Pope Pius X disputed the Kingdom of Italy's right to own Rome. He gave his Urbi et Orbi on a balcony facing into St. Peter's Basilica rather than to the crowds outside to symbolise his opposition to Italian rule of Rome and his demand for a return to the Papal States.
Conclave factfile
- Arrived late: none, but Patrick Francis Cardinal Moran , Archbishop of Sydney in Australia did not travel as he would not have made it to Rome in time for the conclave.
- Unavailable through ill-health:
- Pietro Geremia Michelangelo Cardinal Celesia , O.S.B.,Archbishop of Palermo (Italy)
- Present included:
- Antonio Cardinal Agliardi , Cardinal-Bishop of Albano (Italy)
- Andrea Cardinal Aiuti , titular Archbishop of Tamiathis, Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal (Italy)
- Bartolomeo Cardinal Bacilieri , Bishop of Verona (Italy)
- Giulio Cardinal Boschi , Archbishop of Ferrara (Italy)
- Alfonso Cardinal Capecelatro di Castelpagano , C.O., Archbishop of Capua (Italy)
- Giovanni Battista Cardinal Casali del Drago (Italy)
- Salvador Cardinal Casañas y Pagés , Bishop of Barcelona (Spain)
- Francesco di Paola Cardinal Cassetta , titular Patriarch of Nicomedia (Italy)
- Felice Cardinal Cavagnis , Pro-Secretary of the Roman Curia (Italy)
- Beniamino Cardinal Cavvicchioni , titular Archbishop of Nazianzus, Secretary of Council to the Roman Curia (Italy)
- Pierre-Hector Cardinal Couillié , Archbishop of Lyon (France)
- Serafino Cardinal Cretoni , titular Archbishop of Damascus, Prefect of Rites (Italy)
- Francesco Salesia Cardinal Della Volpe , Prefect of the Apostolic Chamber (Italy)
- Angelo Cardinal Di Pietro , titular Archbishop of Nazianzus (Italy)
- Andrew Carlo Cardinal Ferrari , Archbishop of Milan (Italy)
- Domenico Cardinal Ferrata , titular Archbishop of Thessalonica (Italy)
- Antonius Hubert Cardinal Fischer , Archbishop of Cologne (Germany)
- Giuseppe Cardinal Francica-Nava de Bontifè , Archbishop of Catania (Italy)
- Casimiro Cardinal Gennari , titular Archbishop of Naupactus (Italy)
- James Cardinal Gibbons, Archbishop of Baltimore (United States)
- Pierre-Lambert Cardinal Goosens , Archbishop of Malines (Belgium)
- Girolamo Maria Cardinal Gotti , O.C.D., titular Archbishop of Petra in Aegypto, Prefect of Propagation of the Faith (Italy)
- Anton Joseph Cardinal Gruscha , Archbishop of Vienna (Austria-Hungary)
- Sebastián Cardinal Herrero Espinosa de los Monteros , Archbishop of Valencia (Spain)
- Johannes Cardinal Katschthaler , Archbishop of Salzburg (Austria-Hungary)
- Georg Cardinal von Kopp , Archbishop of Breslau (Germany)
- Joseph-Guillaume Cardinal Labouré , Archbishop of Rennes (France)
- Benoit-Marie Cardinal Langénieux , Archbishop of Reims (France)
- Victor-Lucien-Sulpice Cardinal Lécot , Archbishop of Bordeaux (France)
- Michael Cardinal Logue, Archbishop of Armagh (Ireland, in the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland)
- Luigi Cardinal Macchi (Italy)
- Achille Cardinal Manara , Bishop of Ancona and Numana (Italy)
- José María Cardinal Martín de Herrera y de la Iglesia , Archbishop of Sanntiago de Compostela (Spain)
- Sebastiano Cardinal Martinelli , O.S.A., titular Archbishop of Epheus, curial official (Italy)
- François-Désiré Cardinal Mathieu , Archbishop Emeritus of Toulouse (France)
- Mario Cardinal Mocenni , Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina (Italy)
- Jose Sebastião Cardinal Neto , O.F.M., Patriarch of Lisbon (Portugal)
- Carlo Cardinal Nocella , titular Patriarch of Constantinople (Italy)
- Adolphe-Louis-Albert Cardinal Perraud , Bishop of Autun (France)
- Raffaele Cardinal Pierotti , O.P. (Italy)
- Gennaro Cardinal Portanova , Archbishop of Reggio Calabria (Italy)
- Giuseppe Cardinal Prisco , Archbishop of Naples (Italy)
- Prince Jan Maurycy Paweł Cardinal Puzyna de Kosielsko, Prince-Bishop of Kraków (Poland, part of Austria-Hungary)
- Mariano Cardinal Rampolla del Tindaro, Cardinal Secretary of State (Italy)
- Pietro Cardinal Respighi , Archbishop Emeritus of Ferrara (Italy)
- Agostino Gaetano Cardinal Riboldi , Archbishop of Ravenna (Italy)
- François-Marie-Benjamin Cardinal Richard de la Vergne , Archbishop of Paris (France)
- Agostino Cardinal Richelmy , Archbishop of Turin (Italy)
- Ciriaco María Cardinal Sancha y Hervás , Archbishop of Toledo (Spain)
- Alessandro Cardinal Sanminiatelli Zabarella , titular Patriarch of Tyana (Italy)
- Giuseppe Melchiorre Cardinal Sarto, Patriarch of Venice (Italy)
- Francesco Cardinal Satolli , Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati, Prefect of Studies (Italy)
- Francesco Cardinal Segna (Italy)
- Léon Cardinal Skrbensky´ Hriste , Archbishop of Prague (Austria-Hungary)
- Luigi Cardinal Oreglia di Santo Stefano . Dean of the Sacred College (Italy)
- Andreas Cardinal Steinhuber , S.J. (Germany)
- Domenico Cardinal Svampa , Archbishop of Bologna (Italy)
- Emidio Cardinal Taliani , titular Archbishop of Sebastea, Apostolic Nuncio to Austria-Hungary (Italy)
- Luigi Cardinal Tripepi , Prefect of Rites (Italy)
- Serafino Cardinal Vannutelli , Cardinal-Bishop of Porto-Santa Rufina , Prefect of Ceremonies (Italy)
- Vicenzo Cardinal Vannutelli , Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina (Italy)
- Kolos Ferenc Cardinal Vaszary , Archbishop of Esztergom (Austria-Hungary)
- José de Calasanz Félix Santiago Cardinal Vives y Tutó , O.F.M. Cap. (Spain)
- Cardinals by country (participating):
- Italy - 38
- France - 7
- Austria-Hungary - 5 (including Poland)
- Spain - 5
- Germany - 3
- Belgium - 1
- Ireland - 1
- Portugal - 1
- United States - 1
- Total - 62
PAPAL CONCLAVE, 1903
| Duration
| 4 days
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| Number of ballots
| 7
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| Electors
| 64
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| Absent
| 2
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| Present
| 62
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| Africa
| 0
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| Latin America
| 0
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| North America
| 1
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| Asia
| 0
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| Europe
| 61
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| Oceania
| 0
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| Mid-East
| 0
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| Italians
| 36
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| Veto used
| by Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria
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| DECEASED POPE
| LEO XIII (1878-1903)
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| NEW POPE
| PIUS X (1903-1914)
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- Reference:Francis A. Burkle-Young, Papal Elections in the Age of Transition 1878-1922 published 2000 by Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0739101145
Last updated: 05-09-2005 13:37:50
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