Online Encyclopedia
Loki
- This page is about the Norse god Loki. For other uses of the word see Loki (disambiguation).
Loki Laufeyiarson, in Norse mythology is the "god" of mischief, a son of Farbauti and Laufey, and is described as the "contriver of all fraud." Loki is in a sense both a god and a Jotun (the Titans and Gigantes of Norse mythology), since he mixed freely with the gods for a long time, even becoming Odin's foster-brother. The composer Richard Wagner presented Loki under an invented Germanized name Loge in his operas Das Rheingold and Die Walküre.
The trickster god is a complex character, a master of guile and deception. Loki is also an adept shape-shifter, with the ability to change both form (examples include transmogrification to a salmon, horse, bird, flea, etc.) and Censored page. According to some scholarly theories Loki is conceived of as a fire spirit, with all the potential for good and ill associated with fire. However, this view is probably due to linguistic confusion with logi "fire", as there is little indication of it in myth where Loki's role is predominantly associated with Odin, either as Odin's wily counterpart or antagonist.
Loki was the father of many creatures, men and monsters.
Having liaisons with giantesses was nothing unusual for gods in Norse mythology—both Odin and Freyr are good examples; and since Loki was actually a giant himself, there is nothing unusual about this activity. Together with Angrboda, he had three children:
- Jormungand, the sea serpent;
- Fenrisulfr the giant wolf preordained to slay Odin at the time of Ragnarok;
- Hel, the goddess of the realm of the dead.
Loki was flying as a hawk one day and was captured by Geirrod, a frost giant. Geirrod, who hated Thor, demanded that Loki bring his enemy (without his magic belt and hammer) to Geirrod's castle. Loki agreed to lead Thor to the trap.
On the way to Geirrod's, they stopped at the home of Grid, a giantess. She waited until Loki left the room then told Thor what was happening and gave him her iron gloves and magical belt and staff. Thor killed Geirrod, and all other frost giants he could find.
Loki was not so much a figure of unmitigated badness as a kind of celestial confidence trickster, who always managed to persuade the gods to give him another chance. Some anthropologists have compared him to Coyote, a trickster figure of Native American mythology.
Loki occasionally works with the other gods. For example, he tricked Hrimthur, who built the walls around Asgard, out of being paid for his work by distracting his horse while disguised as a mare—thereby he became the mother of Odin's eight-legged horse Sleipnir. He also retrieved Odin's spear, Freyr's ship and Sif's wig from Dvalin, the dwarf, as well as rescuing Idun. Finally,in Trymskvida, the funniest of Thor's adventures, Loki manages, with Thor at his side, to get Mjollnir back when the giant Thrym secretly steals it, in order to ask for fair Freya as a bride, in exchange.
Loki overplayed his hand in this respect: disguised as a giantess, he arranged the murder of Baldur (he used mistletoe, the only plant which had not sworn to never harm Baldur, and made a dart of it, which he tricked Baldur's blind brother Hod into throwing at Baldur, thereby killing him), although earlier versions of the myth, attributed to Saxo Grammaticus do not implicate Loki. Significantly, also, the poem in the Elder Edda most associated with Loki, the Lokasenna, does not directly implicate Loki in Baldur's death.
The gods, bereft at the loss of Baldur, travelled to the underworld to bargain for Baldur's life; there, Hel told them that the only way to ensure the god's return was to have everything in the world weep for him. The gods went through the land, and convinced not only men, women and animals to weep for Baldur, but also rocks and trees. Finally, they arrived at a cave in which a giantess dwelled. The gods were unable to convince her to cry for Baldur, and so he remained in the underworld.
When the gods discovered that the giantess had been Loki in disguise, they hunted him down and bound him to three rocks with the entrails of either his son Fenrisulfr or Vali. Then they tied a serpent above him, the venom of which dripped onto his face. His wife Sigyn (a goddess, not the giantess who was the mother of Loki's monster brood) gathered the venom in a bowl, but from time to time she had to turn away to empty it, at which point the poison would drip onto Loki, who writhed in pain, thus causing earthquakes. He would free himself, however, in time to attack the gods at Ragnarok along with the other giants and his monster children.
Not all lore depicts Loki as a malevolent being. An 18th century ballad (that may have drawn from a much earlier source) from the Faroe Islands, entitled Loka Thaattur, depicts Loki as a friend to man: when a thurs (troll or giant) comes to take a farmer's son away, the farmer and his wife pray to Odin to protect him. Odin hides the son in a field of wheat, but the thurs finds him. Odin rescues the son and takes him back to the farmer and his wife, saying that he is done hiding the son. The couple then prays to Honir, who hides the son in the neck-feathers of a swan, but again the Thurs finds him. On the third day, they pray to Loki, who hides the son amidst the eggs of a flounder. The thurs finds the flounder, but Loki instructs the boy to run into a boathouse. The giant gets his head caught in a peephole (the translation is not complete, but it appears to be a peephole) and Loki kills him by chopping off his leg and inserting a stick and a stone in the leg stump to prevent the thurs from regenerating. He takes the boy home, and the farmer and his wife embrace both of them.
"Loki, Norse God of tricksters, jesters and fools." A figure somewhat reminiscent of the Chinese Monkey King at times, whose persona in myth underwent changes over the centuries, Loki, for all his ambiguity, was a positive figure before Christianity took over his tale.
Loki in popular culture
Loki and Odin are main characters in Neil Gaiman's novel American Gods. These two, together with Thor, are also the three characters to appear most often in Nordic myths. He was also a recurring character in Gaiman's comic book The Sandman, where he was freed from his prison under the earth by Odin, and by contrivance of Dream allowed to remain at liberty. He reappeared in the second-to-last story arc, where he ran afoul of the Corinthian.
Diana Wynne Jones' witty contemporary take on Loki appears in her children's fantasy novel Eight Days of Luke .
In the movie The Mask (but not in the original comic book), Loki's bound spirit empowers the titular mask, which grants its wearer shape-shifting abilities and an altered, chaotic personality, from everything/anything they keep suppressed (see Freud).
In the Marvel Universe that serves as the setting for many Marvel Comics publications, Loki is a supervillain who is the primary enemy of Thor, who in Marvel's continuity is Loki's half-brother or foster brother.
Loki is the hero, along with Odin and Thor in the Valhalla comic book or graphic novel series published in Denmark by Interpresse. Originally published in Danish, translations were made into Dutch, German, French, Swedish, Norwegian and Finnish. Several animated movies were also produced from the series.
A character named Loki appears in Kevin Smith's film Dogma, although this character is a fallen angel (the Ex-Angel of Death) rather than the Norse mythological figure.
Loki is the main adversary in the 1999 (RPG) Valkyrie Profile by developers tri-Ace. The only way in which he differs from the mythological god, is that he is the offspring of an Aesir and Vanir ,which provides the central motivating force for his actions throughout the story.
Loki is the main hero of the Japanese anime Matantei Loki Ragnarok .
In Myung-Jin Lee's Ragnarok, Loki has reincarnated into a stoic assassin.
Other spellings
- Common Danish, Swedish and Norwegian form: Loke
Also a main character in Myung Jin Lee's Koran graphic novel, Ragnarok.
External links
- Our Troth chapter on Loki http://www.thetroth.org/resources/ourtroth/loki.html
- Loki - A Paean in Progress http://loki.ragnarokr.com/pipindex.htm
- The Baldr Myth http://loki.ragnarokr.com/baldr.html
- An essay on Loki http://www.luth.se/luth/present/sweden/history/gods/johannes/
- The Lokasenna - "Loki's Wrangling": a very amusing insult competition between Loki and the other gods in Asgard http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/poe/poe10.htm